Speaking at the Black Hat conference in Las Vegas last week, Kevin Mandia, president of Mandiant, an Alexandria, Va.-based security consultancy, said attackers are using increasingly sophisticated methods to evade detection and make life difficult for security incident response teams.
The sophistication of hackers' tools is outpacing that of investigators' forensic tools, and one of the consequences is that incident response teams charged with investigating attacks on networks are taking between 5 and 8 days to find malicious code, Mandia said.
"Malware analysis can be time consuming, and most firms don't want to spend the money to fully analyze the malicious code, which could cause further damage [to the network]," said Mandia.
And because it can take days to find malicious code, Mandia said rumors of a kernel level rootkits always arise within the company that's being analyzed. Rootkits are software tools designed to hide running processes, files or system data and enable attackers to maintain control over a system without the user's knowledge. A kernel level rootkit takes this cloak of invisibility a step further by adding or modifying part of the kernel code.
Although Windows security breaches make up the majority of security incidents, the kernel level rootkits Mandia has come across thus far have been Linux-based. "We're not seeing any kernel level rootkits [for Windows], but the user space stuff is working well enough that it doesn't matter," he said.
Mandia said the main reason hackers aren't running kernel level rootkits is because they can make systems unstable, which could blow their cover. "The number one way people detect network compromise is when their system crashes," said Mandia.
Other common indicators that a PC's security has been breached include the inability to execute a 'save as' command; continual termination of antivirus software; and Windows Task Manager closing immediately when a user executes a 'ctrl-alt-delete' command, according to Mandia.
One of the worst things users can do if they think their systems have been compromised by a hacker is to shut off their PCs, because doing so prevents an investigator from analyzing the contents of the machine's RAM, which often contains useful forensic evidence, Mandia said.
In one attack on a corporate network, Mandia reviewed the RAM on a compromised machine and found an attack in progress on 11 other machines in the network, he said. Another advantage from analyzing RAM is being able to see a full list of commands a hacker has run, even if the hacker used an encrypted channel to carry out the attack, Mandia added.
One emerging tactic Mandia said he is seeing more frequently is hackers using Rogue Active Server Pages (ASP) as the front page for a compromised Web server. A user who accessed a bogus ASP page would essentially be giving attackers an open door into their PC, enabling them to remote view, copy, or delete files, Mandia said. "These pages are very sophisticated -- it's like having an executable on a machine," he said.
Profit-motivated attackers usually operate by hacking a victim's PC and installing a keystroke logger or by getting their victims to fall for phishing scams. Mandia says these attacks are tough to stop because the attackers tend to work quickly and leave little evidence behind.
